Education In Colonial History Essay Example For Students

Instruction In Colonial History Essay Thomas Jefferson and Robert Coram both had various designs for training in provincial America. Jefferson was the most notable backer for training while Coram was the least renowned devisor of instructive plans. Jefferson, as we as a whole know, composed the Declaration of Independence and later turned into the third President. Robert Coram was a youngster who worked for a Republican paper in Delaware. He put together the greater part of his arrangement with respect to crafted by Noah Webster, who was a supporter of state funded schools. The target of this exposition is to figure out which people plan is progressively vote based. Before that can be built up, I figure a meaning of vote based system ought to be expressed so it might be called upon later in this paper. As indicated by the American Heritage Dictionary, majority rule government is expressed as the guideline of social correspondence and regard for the person inside a network . Thomas Jefferson had essential thoughts for instruction in pilgrim America. He felt that the law didn't require explicit subtleties, yet just an essential framework. Jefferson felt that the school ought to be set up to teach kids in perusing, composing, and number juggling. Jefferson expressed that each region ought to be separated into hundreds, which were little regions of five or six square miles. In these hundreds, the initial three years of a childs instruction would be complimentary as indicated by Jefferson. After the initial three years, it would be dependent upon the guardians to support their childrens training, however they would at present have the option to go to class for whatever length of time that they needed. This appears to give a fantastic popularity based arrangement of training. He forges ahead, expressing that specific understudies ought to get benefits. One case is that Jefferson feels that the most intelligent kid in the school, whose guardians can't bear the cost of further instruction, ought to be sent forward to the punctuation schools, with costs excused from the family. Additionally, proceeding with this free training, Jefferson accepts that twenty of the most intelligent understudies ought to proceed to get instruction from William and Mary College. Robert Coram had an alternate arrangement for training in the provinces. Coram felt that equivalent instruction ought to be scattered to everybody. He proceeds to express that instruction ought to be given to each class of residents, to each youngster in the state with the sponsorship of the administration. Coram proceeds to differ with Jefferson by expressing that something other than perusing, composing, and number juggling ought to be told in the government funded schools. He proposed that expressions and sciences ought to likewise be instructed. Likewise, contradicted to just three years, Coram concurs with Noah Webster who feels that six years of training ought to be given to the two young men and young ladies . These two perspectives carry us to a definitive inquiry, which plan is progressively vote based? All things considered, this is the place we start to take a gander at what popular government implies. Prior, I introduced the meaning of vote based system as a standard of social equity. We realize that the two plans offer some feeling of majority rules system, yet one arrangement appears to offer more vote based gauges than the other one. By and by, I felt that Coram offered increasingly law based beliefs, which is without a doubt easy to refute. As you see Jeffersons plan, it just offers three years of paid general training. Under his arrangement, further instructive open doors are accessible just for the individuals who can bear the cost of it. This isn't the situation, be that as it may, in Corams strategy. Coram felt that six years of fairly propelled training ought to be given to everybody, not simply the individuals who were of the most astute bore or of riches. I don't feel that Jeffersons plan is non-popularity based, however just that Corams plan offers instruction with progressively social fairness. .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .postImageUrl , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:hover , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:visited , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:active { border:0!important; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:active , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:hover { darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c45 12a5dba187 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet and his Games EssayThomas Jefferson was exceptionally mainstream during this timespan. Jefferson was perceived as a national head who had kept in touch with one of our countrys most valued archives, The Declaration of Independence. Robert Coram, notwithstanding, was only an editorial manager for a little Republican paper in Delaware. Because of these variables, Jeffersons plan was more generally acknowledged than Corams plan. I despite everything feel that Corams plan was progressively vote based and I would have rather observed his arrangement did. As I said before, I am certain that my view is begging to be proven wrong since it relies upon how one perspectives the word popular government. I passed by the word reference to be as unbiased as could reasonably be expected while seeing the two arrangements of thoughts which, I feel, empowered me to offer a more grounded correlation. Coram offered a superior way to deal with advance training in a socially equivalent house. Jefferson had a decent arrangement, yet it did not have the equitable beliefs that Corams plan obviously showed. American History

Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrialism - Essay Example In light of expanded escalated creation of various, this elevated expectations for everyday comforts of the English just as others have a place from a similar rank. Individuals appreciated the experience of securing material belongings, which where once prized for their solidness over fashionability. This likewise prompted the crisis of progressively advanced planners studying in vogue items (Mackendrick, Brewer and Plumb 2). In view of my supposition, I think current US designers’ thoughts are exceptionally esteemed underway of new things in the market planned for fulfilling the customer. For example, the recently moves on from colleges and schools who have examined style structures courses (Mackendrick, Brewer and Plumb 5). Developing further developed assembling businesses, to provide food for expanded customer’s requests overall, for example, material enterprises. Moreover, a producer tells clients on the web, in the papers, magazines or web based life about new items in the market through web, nearby and worldwide papers. Giving of exchange cards to singular customers, so purchasing and selling be further developed by giving out extraordinary printed cards to clients like business cards (Mackendrick, Brewer and Plumb

The Link Between Alcohol and Aggression

The Link Between Alcohol and Aggression Addiction Alcohol Use Print The Link Between Alcohol and Aggression By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 24, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 24, 2019 Oliver Henze/EyeEm/Getty More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The association between alcohol and aggression is huge, according to Robert O. Pihl, professor of psychology and psychiatry at McGill University. Alcohol is involved in half of all murders, rapes, and assaults, he said. But the dynamics of this association are complicated, which is why any research that focuses on explaining this relationship is important for society in general. Statistics from the National Institute on  Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism from 2015  corroborate his statement, including:?? 696,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 were assaulted by another student who had been drinking.97,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 reported experiencing alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape. The Basics of Anger Aggression is an outlet for anger. Its easy to think of this as the emotional state that occurs when we get mad. Often, this is a response to a provocation of some sort.   Actually, the personality trait of anger refers to your general tendency to experience chronic anger over time. If youre an angry person, you tend to seek out stimuli that activate  feelings of anger. This may explain why you are angry more often compared with someone who does not have this personality trait.?? Trait Anger Is an Aggression Predictor Trait anger significantly predicts aggression in intoxicated men who report low levels of anger control, according to a study published in Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research.  To obtain these results, researchers recruited 136 male social drinkers ages 21 to 35 to express their aggression after consuming either an alcoholic or placebo beverage.?? Participants were told they were going to compete  against  another individual on a reaction time task, during which they might receive electric shocks from their opponent. While engaged in this fictitious task, which included both high and low shock levels or provocation, the participants experience of anger was unobtrusively assessed using the Facial Action Coding System. Alcohol Brings out Aggression Alcohol intoxication brings out peoples natural tendencies to the expression of anger, said Dominic Parrott, the graduate student who conducted the study. Our findings strengthen the notion that alcohol increases the likelihood that certain drinkers, particularly those with the tendency to be angry and to express their anger outwardly, become aggressive when provoked. If individuals tend to express their anger outwardly, said Zeichner, alcohol will turn up the volume, so that such a person will express anger more frequently and more intensely. A heightened response will most likely occur when the provocation against the drinker is a strong one, and will less likely occur when the individual is experiencing a low provocation and is sober. Anger, Alcohol, and Domestic Violence The relationship of intimate partner violence is one area that is of great concern when it comes to alcohol and anger. This pertains to adults in long-term relationships such as marriages as well as dating and sexual violence. In a 2017 report, researchers shared their findings of the relationship between alcohol and dating violence. The study included 67 undergraduate men who were engaged currently dating someone. The conclusions were that alcohol increased the odds of physical aggression in those men who had high trait anger and poor anger management skills. It also noted that sexual aggression was higher with alcohol, even in men with low trait anger and reasonable anger management skills.?? How to Get Help When Your Partner Gets Violent After Drinking Energy Drinks and Alcohol a Potential Risk Factor Cocktails that include energy drinks should be considered a possible factor  for aggressive behavior in bars as well. In another study, researchers surveyed 175 young adults who mixed alcohol with caffeinated energy drinks about their verbal and physical aggression in bar conflicts. More research is needed, but the study did find enough escalation in people consuming these drinks to label them a potential risk to increased hostility.?? Could you be in danger? Take the Domestic Danger Assessment Quiz.

Company Background Computer Associates - 1583 Words

BACKGROUND Computer Associates (CA) is an independent software company. They provide network software, PC software, database and banking applications. Under a typical licensing arrangement, customers agree to pay a license fee to CA for the right to use software for a period of time. Under the old business model it was a period of three to ten years. Under the new model it is a time frame of one month to a maximum of three years. Under the old plan, licenses fees were reported as revenue once a customer signed a contract. So if a customer signed a ten-year contract then CA would report all the revenue from the license fee in that first year. Under the new plan the license fee is spread over the term of the contract. Maintenance fees in†¦show more content†¦2. How does the change in accounting fit with the new business model? Under the new model they were also trying to provide more accurate Financial Statements, so CA changed its method of reporting revenues. In the past they would record revenue at the time of the contract, no matter how long the contract all the revenue would be booked in that quarter. Under the new plan the revenues would be recognized ratably over the life of the contract. The risk with presenting a new way of accounting is it is difficult to compare the past and the future. Also with such huge differences in revenue it raises suspension if things were done right in the past. One of the biggest discrepancies was that in 2000, before the change, CA reported a profit of $696 million; now after the change in 2001 the company reported a loss of $591 million. CA’s reasoning for the change was that it related to the change in reporting the license-fees revenues. But this reasoning was still not acceptable with some shareholders and it raised suspicion. 3. Do you agree with the company’s decision to produce pro forma earnings numbers? I think by CA S decision to produce pro forma earnings numbers they were just opening the door to tons of critism and accusations. Pro forma earnings numbers have no real rules; the company can essentially pick and choose what they want to be in those Financial Statements. The SEC isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Northern Quest Resort And Casino Network Administrator 1682 Words   |  7 Pagestools, CCNA Certification, etc. This company is looking for a hard worker that is intelligent and can get the job done in a timely matter. This job is also for people who are driven to work independently at times and are great problem solvers for any task they are assigned to. In my research about this company, it appears that it is a decent sized company that is based on their casinos, dining and resorts. The cultural background is mainly a Kalispel Indian background. 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Jung and Freuds Theoretical and Therapeutic Differences Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Generally speaking, with the support of the concepts explained by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung developed the Jungian Theory that focused on the psychological makeup of an individual commonly referred to as the psyche (Asch, 2004, pp. 129). At the centre of the psyche lies the ego that directed the human mind. The unconscious mind was unreachable, but through the use of dreams and symbols, a human had the opportunity to explain the unconscious self (Sharf, 2011, pp. 82-123). Jung (1963, pp. 170- 192) also indicates that through the unconscious mind, humans can twist their energies to more creativity as the dreams provided a leeway in which the unconscious mind can be manipulated. Jung was the opinion that the only part of the mind that was individualistic is the personal consciousness that involved the persona of a person that clearly explains the responsibilities one has in the society and the shadow that suppresses the embarrassing aspects of an individual (Sharf, 2011, pp. 82-123; Sam uels, Shorter Plaut, 1986, pp. 21-57). Through the collective unconscious, archetypes/symbols are formed with the ability of inherited capacities. However, Jung explains that the specific attributes of archetypes change with time while the most important characteristics of the archetypes remain constant (Sharf, 2011, pp. 82-123). A brief analysis of these theories explains a comparison of the theorists who both believe in the existence of both the conscious and the unconscious minds. We will write a custom essay sample on Jung and Freuds Theoretical and Therapeutic Differences or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Chapter 14 Outline Ap World History. Free Essays

Outline Introduction: Every year or al least once in their life, the Muslims must travel to Mecca. This is a holy pilgrim that has been a tradition for the Muslims since Muhammad made the trip. At the beginning the pilgrims to Mecca were made by small amounts of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 14 Outline Ap World History. or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, by the ninth century, thousands of people traveled to Mecca in the 9th lunar month. All these people survived on food and water provided by the government. The Muslim government made a great effort to keep the roads and the cities clean and ready for the travelers. The hajj was not only solemn observance, but it was also an occasion for joy and celebration. The word Islam means â€Å"Submission,† which means obedience to the rule of Allah. If somebody accepts the Islamic faith it means that he/she is a Muslim. Even though this belief started with one man, by the end of the eighth century Islam stood alongside the Byzantine Empire. A Prophet and his World: Islam appeared in the Arabian Peninsula, and this religion reflected the cultural conditions of it’s homeland. Living in Arabia has always been hard because of the bad agriculture and the harsh climates. However people have been able to survive for a long time and they built a strong empire that was based upon family and submission. Arabia figured out the trading opportunities and took advantage of them. Arabia became an important trading center for India china and the Mediterranean. Plus they started receiving commodities. With the awake of classical empires, trade routes became insecure. Merchants abandoned the overland routes and they started using sea routes that passed through the Arabian Peninsula. This greatly influenced the economy of the city of Mecca. Muhammad and His Message: The prophet Muhammad was son of nomadic Bedouin herders and merchants. He was born in 570 C. E. and he was son of an honorable merchant family. He had an education, and they cared for him. However, when he was young he worked for a wealthy widow that later became his wife. He got some power in the Mecca society, but he didn’t get a high position. By the age 30 Muhammad had established himself as a merchant and he lived a comfortable life. He lived and knew about many other different religions and he knew the cultures of other peoples. According to the stories Muhammad received some messages from the Angel Gabriel which told him to convert his family and the world and to give them the message of god. Muhammad presented oral lessons that he passed to his students and the people. However when he dies, his students compiled his teachings in a book called the Quran. Most important after the Quran itself are traditions known as hadith, which include sayings attributed to Muhammad. Muhammad’s Migration to Medina: He first began for converting his family and then the community. Muhammad became popular and that brought him problems with the ruling elites of Mecca. Muhammad insisted that Allah was the only god and that there shouldn’t be any other deities to which we pray. The elite also saw him a treat because he said that Allah was going to punish greed. Because of all the danger in Mecca, Muhammad had to fled. He fled and joined a group of his followers in Yathrib, a rival trading city. Muslims called their new city Medina which also means the city of the prophet. In Medina he organized his followers into a community and he provides it with laws and a social code. He looked after the economic welfare of his community; he did this by trading or by launching expedition. Muhammad started to call himself the final prophet because he was going to at last reveal the message of god to the people. He teach that the Christian god and all the other major gods were the same. All of them were Allah and he also accepted the Jewish and Christian prophets. The Establishment of Islam in Arabia: Even thought they succeeded in Medina, Muhammad and his followers planned on returning to Mecca. In 630 he and his followers attacked Mecca and they conquered the city. They forced the rich to take Allah as their main god and they imposed a government dedicated to Allah. They also destroyed the shrines of other deities and they built mosques. In 632 Muhammad made the first pilgrimage to the Ka’ba. The foundations of Islamic faith as elaborated by Muhammad consist of obligations known as the Five Pillars. Added to the Five Pillars the Islamic people must follow the holy law known as the sharia. Through the Sharia, Islam became more than a religious doctrine. It became a way of life that people must strictly follow. Expansion of Islam: After Muhammad’s dead the religion faced a period of instability because he left no predecessor. Some people that had barely been conquered, broke from Islam, took back their independence and they became free again. However, within a short time, the Islamic community built a strong army that expanded its power and conquered many lands that converted into Islamic. These conquests lead the foundation of the rapid growth of Islamic society. The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty: Since Muhammad said that he was the last prophet when he died, there could not be another prophet to lead the Islamic society. However, they decided to chose Abu Bakr as deputy. He was the closest of Muhammad’s friends and he was one of the most devoted disciples that he had. He was a religious leader, but he was also the Military commander. During the century after Muhammad’s dead they expanded beyond the boundaries of Arabia, carrying with them their religion and their authority. Durig this period of time they conquered Persia and Africa. Because of this rapid expansion, the government had problems with governing and administration. It was just too many people to control. Disagreements over the succession lead to the emergence of the Shia sect, which wanted Ali and his successors to caliphs. The Shia survived because they created different rituals and they appointed different holydays. The Shia Muslims also made changes in the Quran in order to support the party’s views. The Abbasid Dynasty: Rebellion in Persia brought the Umayyad dynasty to an end. The chief leader of the rebellion was Abu, he was a descendant of Muhammad’s uncle. Even though he was a Sunni Muslim, he allied himself with other Muslims in order to convert people from the Mediterranean. The Umayyad didn’t want to surrender to the Abu. One day Abu invited the rich, influential men to a banquet to make peace. However, during the banquet they were arrested and murdered. After they were killed Abu founded the Abbasid dynasty. This dynasty was more cosmopolitan than the previous dynasty. Instead of conquering new lands, the Abbasids largely contented themselves with administering the empire they inherited. The high point of the Abbasid dynasty came during the reign of Harun. This king provided with liberal support for artists and writer, and he distributed money and wealth to the poor people. After the death of the emperor, the Abbasid Empire declined. This was due to the conflicts of succession. At the end the Mongols extinguished the already weakened empire in 1258. Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World: As in other agricultural societies the farmers worked in the land while the merchants stayed at the city and feed themselves with the food that the farmers produced. The creation of empires had dramatic implications and results. For instance, the Abbasid Empire created a zone of trade, exchange of ideas, and a communicating route. New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth: As the soldiers, merchants, administrators and the population traveled to other parts of the world, they encounter different animals, plants and cultures. Then they brought those ideas and teach them to the people of their empire. The introduction of new crops to the west had many positive effects for the economy. New food crops led to a richer and more varied diet. They also increased quantities of food and some plants, such as cotton, were used to make a profit. Travel and communication in the dar al-Islam also encouraged experimentation with agricultural methods. The cultivators copied systems of irrigation and techniques that would help them produce more food. The increase of agricultural production contributed to the rapid growth of the empire. Paper manufacture appeared in the Islamic cities during the Abbasid era. Chinese people made paper since the first century B. C. however with the diffusion, the paper techniques spread to Islamic world around 751 B. C. The Formation of a Hemispheric trading Zone: From its earliest days Islamic society drew much of its prosperity from commerce. Muhammad was a merchant, and he held merchants in high stem. According to early accounts of his life Muhammad said that merchants would stand alongside martyrs to the faith on the Day of Judgment. By the time of the Abbasid Empire, trade networks linked all the regions of the Islamic world and joined it to a larger hemispheric economy. Arab and Persian mariner borrowed the compass from its Chinese inventors and used it to guide them on the high seas. From Southeast Asian and Indian mariners, they borrowed the lateen sail, a triangular sail that increased a ship’s mobility. They established multiple branches that honored letters of credit known as Sakk drawn on the parent bank. Trade benefited also from techniques of business organization. As a result of improved transportation, expanded banking services, and refined techniques of business organization, long-distance trade surged in the early Islamic world. They brought many things such as silk and spices form far away. The Changing Status of Women: There was a patriarchal society even before Muhammad’s time. However, Arab women enjoyed right that women in other parts could never dream of. For instance, they could legally inherit property, divorce husbands, and engage in business ventures. However, in some respects the Quran enhanced the security of women in Arabian society. It portrayed women equal to men in the eyes of Allah. However, the Quran and later the Sharia reinforced male dominance. They recognized descend trough the male line. Even though they teach that women should be treated with delicacy and respect, it allowed men to have up to four wives, whereas women could only have one husband. The veiling of women was not originally a tradition of the Muslims. This tradition came from the Byzantine and Sasanid Empires. At the beginning women had many rights stated in the Quran, however as time passed, the scholars modified the Quran and they took away the rights of women. Islamic Values and cultural Exchanges: The Quran has served as the cornerstone of the Islamic society. The Quran established a flexible and powerful medium of communication. Even today the Muslims believe that the Quran is the only reliable scripture, translations as not as powerful as the original one. Muslims missionaries spread Goad’s message, but they allowed the people to still practice their old religions or beliefs. The foundation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition: The Muslims scholars studied the Quran and stories about Muhammad in order to create moral guidelines appropriate for their society. Formal institutions helped promote Islamic values. Many mosques maintained schools that provided elementary education and religious instruction, and wealthy Muslims sometimes established schools and provided endowments for their support. By the tenth century institutions of higher education known as Madrasas appeared. Muslim rulers supported the Madrasas because they had interest in recruiting literate and learned students with an advanced education in Islamic theology and law for administrative position. Sufis also appeared. Sufis were especially effective as missionaries because they emphasized devotion to Allah above mastery of doctrine. Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece: As the Islamic community expanded, the people started interacting with people from other societies, especially with Persia, India, and Greece. Persian traditions quickly found a place in Islamic society, since the culturally rich land of Persia fell under Islamic rule. Persian Influence was as noticeable in literary works from the Abbasid dynasty. While Arabic served as the language of religion, theology, philosophy, and law, Persian was the principal language of literature, poetry, history, and political reflection. Chapter Summary (taken from AP textbook) The religion of Islam emerged on the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century  C. E. as a result of the vision and the teachings of Muhammad. His message attracted a rapidly expanding circle of devout believers, known as Muslims. After Muhammad’s death, Arab conquerors spread the word of Islam throughout a vast territory extending from the Indus River to the Iberian Peninsula within one century. This rapid expansion of Islam contributed to the development of a massive trade and communication network in which goods and ideas spread freely. The realm of Islam became one of the most prosperous and cosmopolitan societies of the postclassical world. This new society was characterized by, strong commitment to the monotheistic belief system, resting on the Five Pillars of Islam, first articulated by Muhammad and later elaborated on by scholars and mystics. Also, the development of overland and maritime trade and communication routes that facilitated the spread of new crops, trade goods, and ideas, from improved techniques in agriculture to the writings of the classical Greek philosophers. Engagement with and sometimes adoption of various cultural traditions encountered by the far-flung realm and its trade contacts, helped the country. Hence elements of Persian, Indian, Christian, and Greek cultures found their place into Islamic society and thought. Muslims believe that God is  one and incomparable  and the  purpose of existence  is to love and serve God. Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed at many times and places before, including through Abraham,  Moses  and  Jesus, whom they consider  prophets. They maintain that previous messages and revelations have been partially changed or corrupted  over time,  but consider the Qur’an to be both the unaltered and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the  five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of  worship, and following  Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, providing guidance on multifarious topics from  banking  and  welfare, to  warfare  and the  environment. The Pillars of Islam are five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory for all believers. The  Quran  presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the  shahadah  (creed), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during  Ramadan  and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime. The  Shia  and  Sunni  sects both agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts. How to cite Chapter 14 Outline Ap World History., Essay examples

Australian Law Taxation Office

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Lawfor Taxation Office. Answer: ISSUE: We need to advice Kit if he is to be considered as a resident of Australia, as an accountant. Kit also needs to be advised on how his salary and also his investment income is to be taxed. Kit was not born in Australia. He is still to be considered as a resident of Australia. Kit has his Chilean Citizenship retained as he was born in Chile. Kit was employed with a United States based company. He had to spend most of his time off the coast of Indonesia as he worked in the oil rigs over there. Kit was a married man with a house bought by him over three years ago and had three children from his marriage. Kit had been working most of the time in Indonesia, even though he had actually been recruited in Australia. Kit and his wife had a joint account in the Westpac Bank where he would get his salary credited. Apart from his salary, Kit also had some other sources of income in the form of investments from which he would earn some dividend income. However, these dividends were earned from investments that he had made in Chile and not Australia. After every three months, Kit gets a month off from his work in Indonesia. This one month he can either go for holidays around South A merica or visit his family in Australia. His parents were actual residents of Chile. The provisions related to this case need to be understood clearly before providing with the answers to the case study. RULE: A person is considered to be an Australian citizen as according to the Australian Income Tax Act, only if he is holding a permanent Australian Visa with him at all times. A person thus holding a permanent Australian visa is given permission to study, live or work in Australia without any restrictions and hassles. If a person who is a permanent resident of Australia decides to travel abroad, he needs to carry a permanent Australia along with an intention to return back to Australia and has to carry proper travel authority. If there is absence of intention to return back to Australia then he is not to be considered as a resident of Australia anymore. Such a person needs to declare all his income, whether he has earned it in Australia or abroad, when filing his income tax return in Australia if he is deemed to be an Australian citizen (Government, 2017). All such income that has been earned by him needs to be declared in the income statement. As we are aware a person in Australia, on every source of income earned by him, needs to pay tax on it. However, for a foreign resident one does not need to declare all their interest royalties and dividends earned by him in Australia. There are some other criterias also present that determine if a person is an Australian citizen or not. Situations are as follows:- If a person who is visiting a foreign country with no intention of staying permanently in the foreign country, he is considered to be an Australian citizen. If a person, who is actually an Australian citizen, goes out of Australia to a foreign country with no intention of coming back to Australia, he is not considered as an Australian resident anymore. A person staying in Australia for a period of more than six months for studies, he is considered to be an Australian citizen for taxation purposes. A person who stays in Australia for his job for a period more than six months, he is considered to be an Australian resident for taxation purposes. A person visiting Australia for vacation or visits Australia from a foreign country for a period of less than six months, he is not considered to be an Australian resident. However, if the person stays for a period extending six months he is to be considered as an Australian resident for taxation purposes. A person who was not actually a resident of Australia if shifts to Australia with an intention to stay there permanently, he is to be considered as a resident of Australia. As according to the Section 6(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act there are four parameters set to determine if a person is an Australian resident or not. A person needs to declare his income from abroad when filing his income tax return if he is an Australian resident (Income Tax, 2017). APPLICATION: The given case study and provisions that have been mentioned above we can determine that Kit is a permanent resident of Australia. We can see that Kit was born in Chile and then came to Australia for work purposes. He worked in Australia with a company that was based in United States. The company made him work most of the time in oil rigs off Indonesia. Kit bought a home in Australia for his family thereby proving his intentions of staying permanently in Australia. He also has a permanent visa with him at all times as he travels a lot for work purposes. The provisions state that if a person has a permanent visa of Australia with him and has all the intentions to return back to Australia, that person is to be taken as Australian resident for that financial year. Thus we can say that Kit is a resident of Australia. As mentioned above Kit has a joint account with his wife in the Westpac Bank where he gets his salary. His salary thus needs to be taxed as according to the income tax laws of Australia. Kit has some investments made in Chile. He gets additional income on the dividends received from the investments. The income thus received shall be taxed in Australia even if it is not earned in Australia. Kit needs to pay tax in that financial year on his salary and additional dividends received in that year (Australian Government, 2017). CONCLUSION: We can thus conclude that Kit is an Australian resident. As Kit is an Australian resident he shall have to pay taxes on it as according to the Income Tax Act of Australia (Visa Solutions, 2017). It does not matter if he earns the money in Australia or not. While filing his income tax return Kit needs to take care of his salary and additional income both. CASE 1: The given situation states that the said company wants to acquire mining rights, copper mines and land for itself in California and such other places in the United States of America. If a company sells its assets and objectives together, the amount that has been earned after the expenses incurred in acquiring the business is to be considered as profit or loss that has been earned from the business (Australian Tax Office, 2017). This case revolves around rights that include concessions and minerals that are provided to a company when it sells its objectives of business. CASE 2: In the given question we deal with taxation of the income that is earned from a business in Australia. We know that land can be taken as ordinary income or even as realisation of capital asset only if it was earlier used for mining purposes. It has been given that the mining land in question had been sold. The company was also dealing in other work like subdivision. Thus, the High Court gave the decision that the land was thus to be realised in such a manner that it would prove to be advantageous for the company, making the profit derived to be inaccessible. The revenue earned is not to be considered as revenue, rather is to be made a part of the capital account. The decision by High Court is however ruled out by the Judicial Terrain. CASE 3: Profit that is made from selling an asset as under the Income Tax Assessment Act is to be treated as assessable income. It was decided by the court that on selling any part of the land of a taxpayer, it became a part of the assessable income of that particular year. CASE 4: In the given case, the entire situation and decision of the Court was aided by the points given below. From an isolated transaction, the loss thus derived needs to be deducted under Section 51(1) Income Tax Assessment Act. The two reasons are mentioned below- The taxpayer expects to or even intends to earn profit that will be taxable Transaction that we come across when carrying on business or business operations or even a commercial transaction runs into a loss. We see an absence of assessable income. However, an expectation to earn assessable income was seen. At the end we see that there is dearth on advice of taxpayers as to how to run a profitable property development business. Profit motive was not seen (Australian Government, 2017). CASE 5: We see that the taxpayer has been gifted with a farm by his father in the year 1955. Later on the tax payer had to sell his farm for business purposes. The income earned by him falls under Section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. At the end we see that the transaction was not conducted in a proper business manner as no work was taken by the taxpayer beyond the number that is necessary to obtain permission of municipality. The court thus gave the decision that the land was thus to be used for both residential and production work. CASE 6: The judgement in the given situation was given in the year 21st of November, 1988. The profits of the shareholders were realised by selling off the land. There were also profits derived from the anticipatory sale of capital that has been issued by Malgor Pty Ltd. Over here the decision had been given in the favour of the company. They were unable to update the scheme to the point of completion of the sales. We can thus make out from the given case that the sand mills would have been removed by the company before the sales had been completed. Case 7: The judge gave its decision on this case on 17th of August 1988. The taxpayer in the given case was involved in purchase of many properties. As under Section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 we see that if the sales of the land near Hobart are to be considered as an income. So from the given case we can derive that income cannot be determined by the Section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. For taxing an income under Section 26 we need to make sure there is a profit making enterprise present while the scheme is being carried out to make profit (Australian Taxation Office, 2017). CASE 8: On 15th of May 1988 judgement for the given case was passed by the Federal Court. There were two people mentioned in the given case, Brett and Bradley. The case discusses that both Brett and Bradley had to build in the Addison Avenue Property three town houses. Now, they wished to sell one of the three town houses for profit purposes. However, the other two town houses Brett and Bradley wished to keep with themselves for residential purposes. The judgement thus given in the case was that the house that was to be sold shall not be considered as an assessable income. This means that tax is to be levied on the house that is being sold. References , 2017. austii.edu.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/SydLawRw/1983/9.pdf [Accessed 28th April 2017]. AustralianGovernment, 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID2005157/00001 [Accessed 208th April 2017]. AustralianGovernment, 2017. border.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Life/Aust-1 [Accessed 28th April 2017]. AustralianTaxationOffice, 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID201127/00001 [Accessed 28th April 2017]. Government, A., 2017. australia.gov.au/. [Online] Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/help-and-contact/faqs/visas-and-immigration [Accessed 28th April 2017]. IncomeTax, 2017. austlii.edu.au/. [Online]Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/itasscaa21961271961603/itasscaa21961 271961603.pdf [Accessed 28th April 2017]. VisaSolutions, 2017. australia-migration.com. [Online] Available at: https://www.australia-migration.com/page/Different_Visas/36 [Accessed 28th April 2017].

Theories of Aging free essay sample

The disengagement and the activity theory were the two major theories that outlined successful aging in the early 1960s. The disengagement theory was created by Cumming and Henry and the activity theory was developed by Robert J. Havighurst both in 1961 however these theory’s are very different. The disengagement theory of aging states that people are more likely to withdraw from life as they get older because of their decrease in physical, intellectual, emotional and social skills and their abilities to do certain things, their interests and expectations of how they should behave lower. It suggests that they willingly retire from work, relationships and disengage from roles, preferring to follow an inactive life and freely give up their traditional, normal ways of behaving, becoming less and less friendly and companionable and sometimes hostile in their interactions. The theory claims that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society as they go through changes that will change their life, Retirement is an expected life event in everyone’s life and can effect the elderly very badly as they may not go out anymore or interact with anyone this will lower their social skills and could make them feel as though they don’t have anyone to talk to making them feel depressed and lonely, disengaging could lead to the individual developing dementia, depression or any other mental conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Aging or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Elderly may disengage because of their physical state they may be unable to get out of the house and meet people because of disability or mental condition, they could also be unhappy with the way they look as their appearance will change they may become more wrinkly and get grey hair making them feel older this could lower their self esteem The activity theory argues that older people need to stay mentally and socially active in order to limit the risk associated with disengagement and doing this will make the aging process delay and the quality of life will be enhanced, when old people remain socially active and keep busy with a full round of daily activities and preserve a positive attitude to life they will feel younger and more able. The activity theory is beneficial for your health and happiness as keeping active will keep you fit and staying social with people that make u happy will boost your mood, this is good for the older generation as they can become distant and this can make them fell lonely and depressed. They should do what best suits their age, things that are calming and not to active and maintaining their joy until death. However, as people become older, events such as retirement and bereavement lower their social life loosing a husband or wife who might have been the only social companion they have would lower their social skills so they might have to find new friends or join a club to keep their social life active. Older people should have roles and be occupied in order to maintain their physical, intellectual, emotional and social skills this will improve their quality of life. As they are older their physical development may decrease their chances of having an active lifestyle, things such as walking or moving could be a struggle for many old people making it hard for them to be successful in the activity theory, an example of an activity that could benefit older people with this theory is going to day centres this could help them because they will be doing other activities in the centre that could keep them active things such as fitness, day centres also help the elderly with their social skills as they would be meeting new people and communicating more, as they will be doing new activities within the centre things such as bingo, sudoku or quizzes this will widen their intellectual skills. In the day centre they may feel that because of their struggle to do certain activities that other people can do that they will feel different or be segregated from other people making their self esteem drop but on the other hand the other elderly people at the centre a re their for the same reasons.

Insights provided by behavioural finance for personal finance strategy creation The WritePass Journal

Insights provided by behavioural finance for personal finance strategy creation Abstract Insights provided by behavioural finance for personal finance strategy creation ).   With clear success in defining and removing behavioural impediments, many investors are looking to this field of research for potential edges in determining future strategy. Conclusion Behavioural finance is argued to provide substantial impact on personal finance and personal   planning and the results of this essay support that contention. Despite the desire for a black and white investment environment, there is no escaping the impact that inherent bias, shortcoming and basic human error play on the implementation of an effective investment scheme. The material presented illustrates the potential for personal bias based on such base elements as the food consumed prior to making decisions, yet, the process of identification has the potential to offset the negative and enhance the positive. Further, intuition has been credited with propelling many investors to success, yet, this is separate from the decision making process that allows for the creation of bias and the inclusion of errant material. A clear benefit to the implementation of a personal financial strategy is knowledge of the elements that make up the field of behavioural finance, allowing the creation of an effective process to offset any negative pattern of investment behaviour.   In the end, as with all manner of investments, it comes to discipline, skill, patience and the determination of the investor to not be swayed in the face of adversity but hold to the reality of any situation. References Baker, H. and Nofsinger, J. (2010).  Behavioural finance. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Baker, M. and Wurgler, J. (2011). Behavioural corporate finance: Wiley. Banerjee, A. (2011). Application of Behavioural Finance in Investment Decisions: An Overview.  The Management Accountant, 46(10). Benartzi, S. (2010). Behavioural Finance in Action. Allianz 1(1) p. 3-6. Brigham, E. and Ehrhardt, M. (2005).  Financial management. 1st ed. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Deaves, R. and Charupat, N (2005). Behavioural Finance. Journal of Personal Finance 1(1). P. 48-53. DeBondt, W., Forbes, W., Hamalainen, P. and Muradoglu, Y. (2010). What can behavioural finance teach us about finance?.  Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 2(1), pp.2936. Forbes, W. (2009).  Behavioural finance. 1st ed. New York: Wiley. Hens, T. and Bachmann, K. (2008).  Behavioural finance for private banking. 1st ed. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. McAuley, I (2009). Understanding human behaviour in financial decision making. Centre for Policy Development 1(1). p. 1-5. Meier, S. (2010). Insights from Behavioural Economics for Personal Finance. Behavioural Economics and Personal Finance 1(1). p. 1-3 Montier, J. (2007).  Behavioural investing. 1st ed. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. Muradoglu, G. and Harvey, N. (2012). Behavioural finance: the role of psychological factors in financial decisions.  Review of Behavioral Finance, 4(2), pp.68-80. Paramasivan, C. and Subramanian, T. (2009).  Financial management. 1st ed. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Pompian, M. (2006).  Behavioural finance and wealth management. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Redhead, K. (2008).  Personal finance and investments. 1st ed. London [u.a.]: Routledge. Sewell, M. (2007). Behavioural finance.  University of Cambridge. UK Subrahmanyam, A. (2008). Behavioural finance: A review and synthesis.  European Financial Management, 14(1), pp.1229.

The Principles and Rules used by Jundges to Interpret Statutes Essay

The Principles and Rules used by Jundges to Interpret Statutes - Essay Example According to the fictitious Act that has been used for his arrest, if Derek is defined as an employee than he is considered exempt, but if by throwing a party he has acted independently of that definition, then he is guilty of the charges. The following discussion will consider the position of Derek in relationship with his charged offense and use the rules and principles that judges utilize in order to make a judgement about the problem of the party. The definition of Derek’s position in relationship to his use of the land is vital in order to come to a well rendered conclusion. Judges and the Law The interpretation of a law becomes common law when a statute does not directly address an aspect of a situation that comes for judgment and a ruling will help to define that aspect. A judge, however, will not come into contradiction with a standing law in order to favor a different outcome to a trial (Miller and Cross 2011, p. 12). The intention of this structure is so that the law is consistent to the point at which it has already been defined, but is flexible at the points that have yet to be defined. In this way, the law grows and benefits from the learning process as human experience is developed and knowledge is gained. One of the most debatable positions on the standard of the rights of judges to debate the merits of law is through the â€Å"the rule in Heydon’s Case† which was defined in 1584. Lord Coke said at that time that â€Å"The office of all the judges is always to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief, and advance the remedy, and to suppress subtle inventions, and evasion for continuance of the mischief and pro private commodo, and to add force and life to the cure and remedy, according to the true intent of the makers of the Act, pro bono publico† (Solan 2010). This statement, whether or not one believed in the context from which it was created, clearly states that the law is the intention of interpretatio ns by judges. There are fixed rules and principles by which law is interpreted by judges in England in order to put limitations on the liberties that judges might use when interpreting statutes. A statute must be interpreted with equity so that the fairness of the law is the defining principle upon which it is interpreted. Where case law and legislative law come into conflict, Parliamentary Sovereignty is the ruling principle in which legislation will be considered over case law. Substantive law dictates that a law must be defined by standards of moral intent that are in line with the general understanding of right and wrong. Deference suggests that where others have interpreted law in one direction, it is likely that the law should continue in that direction of interpretation (Smith 1848, p. 828). Derek’s Position: Discussion The fictitious Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010 suggests that ‘a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose in which alcohol will be consumed’ (section 1) is a criminal offense when permission for this event has not been organised under the permission of a local magistrate (section 2). The exception to this, which is laid out in section 3 is that the occupant of the land, his family, his employee, or an agent operating under his

Dyslexia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dyslexia - Essay Example The entire of this entail utilizing of symbols to convey information. These circumstances can appear in combination or alone. Dyslexia usually runs in families. A student suffering from dyslexia can have the problem of separating sounds and rhyming that make up spoken words. The abilities seem to be significant in the progression of learning on how to read. The student’s first reading skills are founded on word recognition which entails being capable to disconnect out the sounds in words and equal them with letters and groups of letters (Ahissar M, November 2007). Because students with dyslexia have the problem of connecting sounds of language to letters of words, they can have problem comprehending sentences. True dyslexia is wider than simply transposing or confusing letters for example mistaking â€Å"d† and â€Å"b†. Other factors causing learning disability and especially the reading disability should be stated out before a diagnosis of dyslexia is performed. Emotional disorders, brain diseases and mental retardation, and particular education and cultural issues, can cause learning difficulties (Jones KM et.al, October 2004). Moore DR (2007), the duty of getting students’ attention and ensure they are engaged for a period of time needs majority of managing and teaching skills (Ahissar M, November 2007). Students with problem in following directions are usually assisted by asking them to repeat those directions in their own words. Give students with graphic organizer: outline, blank web or chart may be given to students to fill during presentations. This assists students listen for major information and internalize the link among related and conceptual information. Use of balanced presentations and activities: Effort ought to be performed to balance oral presentations with participatory activities and visual information. Likewise, there ought to be the balance between huge group, small

The Background Of Walmart Marketing Essay

The Background Of Walmart Marketing Essay Introduction International business is where business activities take place in other countries. Business activities include starting a joint venture, shipping, exporting goods and services across national borders. In this essay, I will be selecting Walmart as an international business which had encountered business failure because of the lack of understanding of the national cultural difference in South Korea. Background of Walmart Sam Walton was the founder of Walmart in July 1962 and the first Walmart store was opened in Rogers, Arkansas, offering Lowest Prices Anytime, Anywhere. In 1970s, the company goes national and expands their businesses. In 1980s, the company set up Sams club, attending small businesses and individuals. The first Walmart Supercenter was opened in Washington, Mo., merging merchandise and supermarket to offer one stop shopping convenience. In 1990s, Walmart became the countrys number one retailer and Walmart Supercenter reformulate their multiple services to Every Day Low Prices strategy (Walmart 2012). Walmart.com was founded to offer consumers a seamless shopping experience to shop online, handheld devices or in a store. Today, the company hires 2.2 million associates and have exceeded 10,000 retail stores in 27 countries. In conjunction to that, they also celebrated 50 years of assisting people to save money so they can live better. Problem Identification Walmart goes international to South Korea in 1998. At that point of time, American economy in 1998 had strong domestic economy. The fundamentals of South Korea market were excellent but Asian financial crisis had ruined the exchange value of the Korean won. And as their currency is artificially low and hence, Walmart sees it as an opportunity to expand into Korea. But due to the culture differences and underperforming business in the host country, they had decided to pull out and give up 16 of its South Korea stores to the countrys largest discount store chain, Shinsegae in 2006 after eight years in the market. At the time of withdrawal, Walmart Korea was ranked in the lowest among five major discount store chains in the South Korea (Ramstad 2006). According to the Walmarts spokesman Beth Keck, Walmart Korea earned $787 million of sales in 2005. Following on, they held an interview in Seoul to announce that the company had suffered a loss of $10 million in 2005 (Olsen, 2006). In less than a month, Walmart had become the next western retailer to pull out from South Korea after French retailer Carrefour, sell off its 32 South Korea stores to a local retailer, E.Land Group for $1.8 billion (Choe, 2006). The decision to pull out from Korea is part of its global strategy. Steers and Nardon (2006) stated that global strategy is to focus attention on cost reduction and effectiveness at the cost of local adaption. But as Walmart strive hard on their growth strategy, they still couldnt the reach the stage they desired from the South Koreas market. On May 2006, Walmart joined other reputable firms like Nokia, Nestle and Google under a list of multinational whom had experienced the same outcomes that failed to change the taste of the South Koreas customers (Choe 2006). Causes of the Problem There were many factors that led to the failures of Walmart in South Korea. Walmart failed due to the incapability to identify the shopping patterns of the local consumers and to modify its business model to suit the current culture of the South Koreans. Thus, the profits they earned from stores were very little and despite of large investments, consumers did not choose Walmart as their main shopping destination. Location Preference In South Korea, Walmart had only 16 stores. Just in Seoul, a metropolitan area of 10 million, there is only one single Walmart store. As a result, it couldnt generate enough customer flows as the location is not well located. Therefore, many Koreans have never heard of Walmart. This has resulted in many Koreans shopping at E-Mart, largest discount store chain in South Korea. E-Mart has a total of 79 outlets which are all easily accessible in the centre of the cities. The local retailers, E-Mart, has a more localized approach to suit the local consumers taste and preference. They changed the preference by moving from the open-air market into a well-situated indoors concept in supermarkets. They studied the local consumers preference and focused mainly on food and beverages like local delicacies, seafood as well as their products mix. E- Mart offer low-priced products in smaller quantities and in well-known locations instead of warehouses, having more fresh foods and feature special-in-store events (Coyner 2007). Therefore, most of the South Korean customers do not like the warehouse design of the Walmart. It pulls them off as the tall shelving causes them to use ladders or to stretch for items on higher shelves that were beyond their imagination. They prefer department stores like E-Mart which is clean, neat and have stylish atmosphere. Product expectation The OECD reported that Korea has the highest hours per worker in 2002 (OECD 2004) shown in figure 1. The standard number of hours worked per year in OECD countries is around 1700 and Korea reached 2410 hours per year. Therefore, Koreans work a lot, under huge amount of pressure. Hence, they want every moment when theyre not working or studying to be a luxurious life of living. They have a tendency to choose expensive products and better environment. As a result, Walmart was not very approachable in the host country. Product Mix The South Korean customers might not be interested in the same product categories as the Americans as both of the countries have different consumer preferences based on their cultures differences. Walmart sell dry products, electronics products and garments. Walmarts shoes to sausage product line concept do not go well with the shopping habits of the locals. Freshness of food is very important and in the aspect of the South Koreans and they take it very seriously. They dont mind travelling down to supermarkets or wet markets to buy the fresh food products frequently. Another reason is that they stay at small houses with limited storage and freezing space to store the food, therefore, they have to go for groceries shopping every day. Choe (2006) reported that South Koreans prefer to shop for fresh vegetables and fresh foods rather than buying foreign foods and beverages. In contrast to that, Americans doesnt travel to supermarkets often. They buy products in bulk for longer storage. Therefore, most of the products in Walmart are sold in boxes which do not cater to the Koreans as they prefer smaller packages. A retail analyst Hyundai Securities in Seoul said that Walmart Korea failed to attract customer to the stores (Olsen, 2006). South Koreans are visually-oriented shoppers. They prefer eye catching displays and local retailers were able to present it and grab their attention. Problem Solutions If I am in charge of the Walmarts businesses in Korea, the fundamental aspect to go global is to have an in-depth understanding of what local customers need, want and desire. Some of the business concepts can be easily transferred while others may suit only to particular countries. Walmart go into South Korea sticking to its own culture and sales strategy, ignoring local cultures and buying behaviour and failed to survive in the market at the end (Kottolli 2006). Based on Hofstedes dimensions of culture and Trompenaars cultural dimension, it will be easier to identify the similarities and differences between the Walmarts in United States and South Korea. Therefore, the cultural values are very important in a national culture, it could reflect how the business operate and organise within that country. Hofstedes Dimensions of Culture Figure 2 shows the comparison between South Korea and United States based on the Hofstedes five dimension of culture. They are categorized under Power distance (Power Orientation), Individualism (Social Orientation), Masculinity/ Femininity, Uncertainty avoidance (Uncertainty Orientation) and Long- term orientation (Time Orientation). Power Orientation Power orientation means that the people in the culture hold the power and authority differences in hierarchy levels such as business organisations. There are power respect and power tolerance in the power orientation. Power respect is individuals who have the tendency to accept power based on the position and will respect superiors decision. Power tolerance is those individuals whom often question people in higher authority. Based on the chart shown in Figure 2, under power distance, South Korea scored 60 and United States scored 40. This shows that South Korea is based on a hierarchical society which means that people agree to a hierarchical order based on the position and needs no further explanation. Social Orientation Social orientation reflects a persons beliefs about the relative importance of the individual and the group to which that person belongs (Ajami et al.2006). Under the social orientation there are individualism and collectivism. Individualism refers to the people or countries that look after themselves and their families first. Collectivism refers to people who look after others more than themselves. According to Hodstede (1997), people are integrated into strong cohesion groups which offer protection in exchange for loyalty. Figure 2 shows that South Korea scored 18 and United States scored 91 for the individualism. South Korea is considered a collectivistic society and loyalty in a collectivist culture is importance as it prevails over other rules and regulations. The collectivistic society emphasizes on strong relationship where everybody takes accountability for fellow members of their group. But the disadvantage of the collectivistic society is that wrongdoing will lead to humiliation and loss of face as the employment relationship is perceived in ethical terms (e.g. family connection). Also, hiring or promotion decisions take the employees in- group into account. As for the United States, their employment relationship is perceived via contract. Based on rules and skills, the management will then decide to hire or promote the employees. Uncertainty Orientation Uncertainty orientation refers to the extent to which an individual in the society who feel threatened by uncertain and unknown situations. There are uncertainty acceptance and uncertainty avoidance. People in cultures with uncertainty acceptance have the tendency to be motivated by change and to thrive on new opportunities. On the contrary, people with uncertainty avoidance have the tendency to dislike ambiguity and avoid it. Figure 2 shows that South Korea scored 85 and United States scored 46 under uncertainty avoidance. South Korea is considered to be the most uncertainty avoidance countries in the world and they hold rigid rules based systems. South Korea people feel that there is a need to work hard and have rules and punctuality. As for the United States, they will work hard only when there is a need. Time Orientation Time orientation refers to the people of a culture who adopt a long- term versus a short- term viewpoint on work, life and other issues (Griffin 2011). Figure 2 show that South Korea scored 75 and 29 on the long- term outlook. South Korea has a longer term orientation and people from this society accept the fact that they have to work hard and to have perseverance in order to achieve their goals. As for United States, the Americans will focus on the past and present more rather than the future. Apply Hofstedes theory to Walmart Applying back to Walmart Korea, there is a need to examine the different dimensions of culture based on Hofstedes model shown in Figure 3. South Korea being a collectivistic society, they work hard to achieve their goals and blindly obey the orders of their superiors. Walmart cant simply impart their western culture to the South Korea and to expect them to accept. South Koreans dislike ambiguity and will avoid the changes. Walmart needs to look into the future of the South Koreans living expectation and adopt a different way of approach to keep the customers. They cant just look into the Asian financial crisis and go into South Korea without preparing their business plan for the long term growth in the local market. Trompenaars Cultural Dimensions Another theory that I will apply is using Trompenaars cultural dimensions. Its another alternative to Hofstedes dimensions. Universalism versus Particularism South Korea is more of a Particularistic culture. They believe that circumstances state how ideas should be applied and some things cannot be done the same way as it is. South Korea with high particularism that has legal contract is often amended and they will try to work things out to suit the parties. Likewise for the culture in Walmart Korea, they are under Universalists. They believe that ideas can be applied everywhere without any modifications. Aswathappa (2010) stated that the management under Walmart focus on formal rules and business connections. Specificity versus Diffuseness South Korea is under diffuse countries, which means that their work and private life are closely related. In 1996, Trompenaars observed that the employee turnover rate and the number of invasion in the countries are quite low mainly because of loyalty (Cited in Heidtmann 2011, p. 44). Walmart are based under specific cultures because of its handling by western country. The people are more open and outgoing. Furthermore, their work life and private life are separated so they only share with close friends or associates. Achievement versus Ascription South Korea is considered an ascription- orientated culture. They give certain associates a higher status because of their age, gender and social connection. As for the Walmart in United States, their status is based on their performance and accomplishment. Conclusion To conclude, Walmart needs to plan their operations and strategies before expanding to South Korea. Having a lucrative business in foreign country depends on the market size, culture aspects, current and future wealth of customers. Walmart had their strategic positioning fit in the United States and was able to capture the principles from the customers which helped to boost their profit growth (Kim 2008). But Walmarts attempt to use their business model to the South Korea market leads to failure. As a result, Walmart Every Day Low Prices strategy does not fit in the South Korea country due to the culture differences. In addition to that, Walmart did not come up with an effective localization strategy to indicate how much they are investing and grow in the local market. Therefore, Walmart should apply Hofstede or Trompenaars culture theories to analysis the culture differences first before deciding whether Korea was a strategically key market to go into it global expansion. Word limit: 2363

American Literature Essay

Exploration Period, 1492-1607 Characteristics The first European writings about North America are written in this period. European writings describe the explorers’ travels and impressions of the continent and its Native people. Major Writers or Works Prose: Christopher Columbus, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Thomas Harriot, and Samuel de Champlain. Oral narratives: Seneca legend â€Å"How America was discovered. â€Å" †¢Colonial Period, 1607-c. 1765 Characteristics The Colonial period was dominated by Puritan beliefs and thus literature of this period is usually  historical, religious, or didactic. The most common genres were tracts, polemics, journals, narratives, sermons, and some poetry. The first slave narratives were written at this time. Imaginative literature was rare; in some colonies, it was banned for being immoral. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Michael Wigglesworth, Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor. Prose: John Smith, Roger Williams, Cotton Mather, Jonathan Edwards’ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Benjamin Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanacks. Narratives: Mary Rowlandson’s A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. †¢Revolutionary Period, 1765-1790 Characteristics This period begins with the passing of the Stamp Act in England and ends in 1790. The Revolutionary period usually refers to writings that are politically motivated, either in support of British rule, in support of American patriotism and independence, or relating to the Constitution. Major Writers or Works Prose: Thomas Jefferson’s Autobiography, â€Å"Declaration by the Represent-atives of the United States of America,† Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison’s Federalist Papers. Drama: Royall Tyler’s The Contrast. Verse and Ballads: â€Å"Yankee Doodle,† â€Å"The Liberty Song. † †¢Early National Period, 1775-1828 Characteristics During this period, a body of distinctly American imaginative literature began to emerge. As with the novel, poetry, essays, and sketches also began to flourish. The publishing world and readership in America also began to grow. Slave narratives were published with increasing frequency. This period is sometimes called the Federalist period after the conservative federalists in power at the time. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Phillip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Phillis Wheatley. Prose: Judith Sargent Murray, Mercy Otis Warren, Washington Irving, Lydia Maria Child Narratives: Olaudah Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative of the Lfe of Olaudah Equiano. Novels: Hannah Webster Foster’s The Coquette. †¢Romantic Period, 1828-1865 Characteristics The Romantic period covers the period between Jacksonian democracy to the end of the Civil War. This period was the first major explosion of a distinctly American body of literature; for this reason, this period is also referred to as the American Renaissance. Many of American literature’s most well-known writers emerged during this time. Readership increased significantly and the 1850s saw a number of immensely popular novels. Issues and subjects addressed in the literature of this time ranged from the American identity, to the slavery debate, to historical narratives, to poems and narratives inspired by romanticism, to prose works examining national unity. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Lydia Sigourney, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass, Emily Dickinson. Prose: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Rebecca Harding Davis, William Lloyd Garrison. Narratives: Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Novels: James Fenimore Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Herman Melville, Susan Warner, Maria Susanna Cummins’ The Lamplighter, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, William Wells Brown, Harriet E. Wilson. Drama: George Aiken’s play, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, based on Stowe’s novel. †¢The Age of Transcendentalism, 1836-1860 Characteristics Transcendentalism, though varied, investigated the relationship between nature, humanity, society, and the divine. Major Writers or Works Prose: Ralph Waldo Emerson’s â€Å"Nature,† â€Å"Self-Reliance,† and â€Å"The American Scholar,† Margaret  Fuller’s â€Å"Woman in the Nineteenth Century,† Henry David Thoreau’s Walden, Bronson Alcott. †¢Realism, 1865-1900 Characteristics The post-Civil War period was an era of increased industrialization and urbanization as the nation attempted to recover emotionally, culturally, and politically from the aftermath of the war. Though there were still elements of romanticism, this period was considered realistic in its emphasis on unidealized and truthful depictions. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Walt Whitman, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Emily Dickinson’s poems published posthumously. Prose: Sarah Orne Jewett, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, Zitkala-Sa, Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† George Washington Cable, Kate Chopin. Novels: Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, William Dean Howells, Bret Harte, Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women, Henry James, Helen Hunt Jackson’s Ramona, Frances E. W. Harper’s Iola Leroy. †¢Naturalism, 1900-1914 Characteristics An offshoot of realism, naturalism claimed to give an even more realistic and unflinching depiction of contemporary life. Naturalism was characterized by a pessimistic view of humanity and human existence. Major Writers or Works  Prose: Frank Norris, Jack London, Stephen Crane, Hamlin Garland. Novels: Frank Norris’ McTeague, Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie, Jack London’s The Sea-Wolf, Stephen Crane’s Maggie: a Girl of the Streets. †¢Modern Period, 1914-1939 Characteristics A period in British and American literature spanning the years between WWI and WWII. Works in this period reflect the changing social, political, and cultural climate and are diverse, experimental, and nontraditional. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, T. S. Eliot, Edna St. Vincent Millay, e.  e. cummings, H. D. Novels: Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Sinclair Lewis, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway. Drama: Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones, Susan Glaspell’s, Trifles, Clifford Odets. †¢Harlem Renaissance, 1920s and 1930s Characteristics The Harlem Renaissance was the first major burgeoning of visual, literary, and performing arts by African Americans concerned with African-American life, art, culture, and politics. The influence of the Harlem Renaissance remained strong for the remainder of the 20th century. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay. Prose: W. E. B DuBois, Jean Toomer. Novels: Zora Neale Hurston, Nella Larsen, Passing, Jessie Redmon Fauset, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay. Drama: Randolph Edmonds, Langston Hughes. †¢Lost Generation, 1920s Characteristics After WWI, a group of American writers grew increasingly disillusioned by, and resistant to, what they saw as hypocrisy in dominant American ideology and culture. Many of these writers left America in search of a more artistic life in London or Paris. Major Writers or Works  Poetry: Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot. Prose: Gertrude Stein, T. S. Eliot. Novels: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises. †¢Beat Writers, 1950s Characteristics Beat Writers’ writing was generally anti-traditional, anti-establishment, and anti-intellectual. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Allen Ginsberg’s Howl, Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Prose: Gertrude Stein, T. S. Eliot. Novels: William Burroughs, Jack Kerouac’s On the Road. †¢Postmodern or Contemporary, 1940-present Characteristics In British and American literature, the postmodern period refers to literature written after WWII. The postmodern period reflects anxieties concerning, and reactions to life in the 20th century. Postmodern works are often highly experimental and anti-conventional. Major Writers or Works Poetry: Sylvia Plath, Marianne Moore, Robert Penn Warren, Anne Sexton, Gwendolyn Brooks, Adrienne Rich, Philip Larkin. Prose: Eudora Welty, Raymond Carver, John Cheever, Alice Walker. Novels: Saul Bellow, Ralph Ellison, John Updike, Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. , Richard Wright, Thomas Pynchon, E. L Doctorow, James Baldwin, Toni Morrison. Drama: Edward Albee, Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Lorraine Hansberry, August Wilson, David Mamet.

An Unfor Gottable Event in My Life

he Most Memorable Event in my Life As the title suggests, my essay is about some event which is important, exciting, memorable to me. A lot of people probably would agree with me that one of the most interesting activities in life is traveling, this is one of the thing I enjoy the best in my life. For this reason, I try to travel as much aas possible. The last trip was a very long and interesting one, it was a trip to the United States of America. The first thing to be said about is the choice of the country.It wasn’t that the United States was a country of my dreams like it is for some people. There were a lot of countries which I wanted to see more than America, but I was given an opportunity to work there for some time and this is how I went overseas. I worked there and traveled as well. During this trip I had visited a lot of places, but I decided to write only about one city which impressed me the most. It is the New York. City. When I first arrived to this city I had nev er seen anything like that before.When you come from such a small country like Lithuania you are shocked how big the city is. It left a great impression to me, I just loved the buildings of it: new ones, old ones, small ones and especially big ones. There is so much of everything: huge and tiny shops, restaurants, cafes, night clubs, museums, galleries, etc. It seems that it would take at least few years to see everything only in one city, not mentioning the whole country. Another interesting and important thing about New York, as well as the whole United states, is a mixture of cultures.I met so many people from so many different countries. I think America is the only country which has so many cultures mixed with that of their own. This is a very interesting and at the same time strange thing to discover for someone who is not familiar with such thing. The last words which I want to say about this trip, it taught me a lot of things about life and people. In the States people are ve ry different but one thing is common to the majority of them, it is money.Visiting this country I discovered how great the power of money is, how it changes the world, people and their lives. I guess it was the only disappointing thing about this country because the rest of it was very exciting. To conclude, I would like to say that it is quite hard to write everything on one sheet of paper as there is so much of interesting to say, but it takes a lot of space. Summing up, I could say that this trip, in some way, changed my life and outlook to the world, that is why I have chosen it on the most memorable event in my life.

The Best Sentence Length Dilemma, Solved!

International students find academic writing difficult as it is. Add to it the debate regarding the best sentence length and they find themselves in a whirlwind of confusion. There are many school of thoughts regarding the best sentence length for academic writing. Some prefer long sentences as they are easy to comprehend and can be used to impart the most information. Others feel that short sentences are easier to read and concise. Some believe that medium sentence length should be adhered to as it combines the best points of both short and long sentences as well as giving your writing uniformity. However, certain drawbacks are associated with each sentence length as well; long sentences are boring and may be difficult to read, short sentences seem childish and may not be able to convey the message fully, medium sentences aren’t so great either. In short, same length sentences generally create monotony. Contemporary style guides generally recommend using a blend of sentence lengths to keep your writing fresh, comprehensive and clear. A mix of sentence lengths not only takes away monotony but also enables students to write freely by removing the stress of making all the sentences the same length. This way students can use longer sentences where they want to provide explanations, shorter ones when they want to get to the point and medium ones when they want to give an idea or solution. A document fashioned this way is also easy on the eyes. Fix Your Sentence Lengths If you are one of those students that are in the habit of sticking to single length sentences in their academic writing, you can use the following method to fix your sentence length. The first step is to analyze your current style of writing and sentence length. To do this, refer to an essay that you think best represents your normal writing style, count the number of words in the first 20 sentences and divide the grand total by 20 to get the average number of words per sentence. If the average length of your sentences is below 14 words, then you are using way too many short sentences, if it is more than 22, you are more prone to using longer sentences. Fix shorter sentences by combining two or three complimentary sentences together. You can use conjunctions to combine sentences that are referring to the same idea. Fix longer sentences by making them less wordy, avoiding passive verbs and eliminating repetition. Use longer sentences where explanations are required but use conjunctions to make the sentences easily understandable. Use shorter sentences where you want to make a quick point. Try not to use more than three short sentences in a single paragraph. When possible, use medium sentences to bridge gaps between longer and shorter sentences. Remember, knowing when to use a longer sentence or a shorter one, and when to vary the pattern of a sentence is an art that requires both time and effort. In any case, practice makes perfect.