Education In Colonial History Essay Example For Students

Instruction In Colonial History Essay Thomas Jefferson and Robert Coram both had various designs for training in provincial America. Jefferson was the most notable backer for training while Coram was the least renowned devisor of instructive plans. Jefferson, as we as a whole know, composed the Declaration of Independence and later turned into the third President. Robert Coram was a youngster who worked for a Republican paper in Delaware. He put together the greater part of his arrangement with respect to crafted by Noah Webster, who was a supporter of state funded schools. The target of this exposition is to figure out which people plan is progressively vote based. Before that can be built up, I figure a meaning of vote based system ought to be expressed so it might be called upon later in this paper. As indicated by the American Heritage Dictionary, majority rule government is expressed as the guideline of social correspondence and regard for the person inside a network . Thomas Jefferson had essential thoughts for instruction in pilgrim America. He felt that the law didn't require explicit subtleties, yet just an essential framework. Jefferson felt that the school ought to be set up to teach kids in perusing, composing, and number juggling. Jefferson expressed that each region ought to be separated into hundreds, which were little regions of five or six square miles. In these hundreds, the initial three years of a childs instruction would be complimentary as indicated by Jefferson. After the initial three years, it would be dependent upon the guardians to support their childrens training, however they would at present have the option to go to class for whatever length of time that they needed. This appears to give a fantastic popularity based arrangement of training. He forges ahead, expressing that specific understudies ought to get benefits. One case is that Jefferson feels that the most intelligent kid in the school, whose guardians can't bear the cost of further instruction, ought to be sent forward to the punctuation schools, with costs excused from the family. Additionally, proceeding with this free training, Jefferson accepts that twenty of the most intelligent understudies ought to proceed to get instruction from William and Mary College. Robert Coram had an alternate arrangement for training in the provinces. Coram felt that equivalent instruction ought to be scattered to everybody. He proceeds to express that instruction ought to be given to each class of residents, to each youngster in the state with the sponsorship of the administration. Coram proceeds to differ with Jefferson by expressing that something other than perusing, composing, and number juggling ought to be told in the government funded schools. He proposed that expressions and sciences ought to likewise be instructed. Likewise, contradicted to just three years, Coram concurs with Noah Webster who feels that six years of training ought to be given to the two young men and young ladies . These two perspectives carry us to a definitive inquiry, which plan is progressively vote based? All things considered, this is the place we start to take a gander at what popular government implies. Prior, I introduced the meaning of vote based system as a standard of social equity. We realize that the two plans offer some feeling of majority rules system, yet one arrangement appears to offer more vote based gauges than the other one. By and by, I felt that Coram offered increasingly law based beliefs, which is without a doubt easy to refute. As you see Jeffersons plan, it just offers three years of paid general training. Under his arrangement, further instructive open doors are accessible just for the individuals who can bear the cost of it. This isn't the situation, be that as it may, in Corams strategy. Coram felt that six years of fairly propelled training ought to be given to everybody, not simply the individuals who were of the most astute bore or of riches. I don't feel that Jeffersons plan is non-popularity based, however just that Corams plan offers instruction with progressively social fairness. .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .postImageUrl , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:hover , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:visited , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:active { border:0!important; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:active , .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:hover { darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c45 12a5dba187 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u390bc983f540c4d00c0c4512a5dba187:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet and his Games EssayThomas Jefferson was exceptionally mainstream during this timespan. Jefferson was perceived as a national head who had kept in touch with one of our countrys most valued archives, The Declaration of Independence. Robert Coram, notwithstanding, was only an editorial manager for a little Republican paper in Delaware. Because of these variables, Jeffersons plan was more generally acknowledged than Corams plan. I despite everything feel that Corams plan was progressively vote based and I would have rather observed his arrangement did. As I said before, I am certain that my view is begging to be proven wrong since it relies upon how one perspectives the word popular government. I passed by the word reference to be as unbiased as could reasonably be expected while seeing the two arrangements of thoughts which, I feel, empowered me to offer a more grounded correlation. Coram offered a superior way to deal with advance training in a socially equivalent house. Jefferson had a decent arrangement, yet it did not have the equitable beliefs that Corams plan obviously showed. American History

Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrialism - Essay Example In light of expanded escalated creation of various, this elevated expectations for everyday comforts of the English just as others have a place from a similar rank. Individuals appreciated the experience of securing material belongings, which where once prized for their solidness over fashionability. This likewise prompted the crisis of progressively advanced planners studying in vogue items (Mackendrick, Brewer and Plumb 2). In view of my supposition, I think current US designers’ thoughts are exceptionally esteemed underway of new things in the market planned for fulfilling the customer. For example, the recently moves on from colleges and schools who have examined style structures courses (Mackendrick, Brewer and Plumb 5). Developing further developed assembling businesses, to provide food for expanded customer’s requests overall, for example, material enterprises. Moreover, a producer tells clients on the web, in the papers, magazines or web based life about new items in the market through web, nearby and worldwide papers. Giving of exchange cards to singular customers, so purchasing and selling be further developed by giving out extraordinary printed cards to clients like business cards (Mackendrick, Brewer and Plumb

The Link Between Alcohol and Aggression

The Link Between Alcohol and Aggression Addiction Alcohol Use Print The Link Between Alcohol and Aggression By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 24, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 24, 2019 Oliver Henze/EyeEm/Getty More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The association between alcohol and aggression is huge, according to Robert O. Pihl, professor of psychology and psychiatry at McGill University. Alcohol is involved in half of all murders, rapes, and assaults, he said. But the dynamics of this association are complicated, which is why any research that focuses on explaining this relationship is important for society in general. Statistics from the National Institute on  Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism from 2015  corroborate his statement, including:?? 696,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 were assaulted by another student who had been drinking.97,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 reported experiencing alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape. The Basics of Anger Aggression is an outlet for anger. Its easy to think of this as the emotional state that occurs when we get mad. Often, this is a response to a provocation of some sort.   Actually, the personality trait of anger refers to your general tendency to experience chronic anger over time. If youre an angry person, you tend to seek out stimuli that activate  feelings of anger. This may explain why you are angry more often compared with someone who does not have this personality trait.?? Trait Anger Is an Aggression Predictor Trait anger significantly predicts aggression in intoxicated men who report low levels of anger control, according to a study published in Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research.  To obtain these results, researchers recruited 136 male social drinkers ages 21 to 35 to express their aggression after consuming either an alcoholic or placebo beverage.?? Participants were told they were going to compete  against  another individual on a reaction time task, during which they might receive electric shocks from their opponent. While engaged in this fictitious task, which included both high and low shock levels or provocation, the participants experience of anger was unobtrusively assessed using the Facial Action Coding System. Alcohol Brings out Aggression Alcohol intoxication brings out peoples natural tendencies to the expression of anger, said Dominic Parrott, the graduate student who conducted the study. Our findings strengthen the notion that alcohol increases the likelihood that certain drinkers, particularly those with the tendency to be angry and to express their anger outwardly, become aggressive when provoked. If individuals tend to express their anger outwardly, said Zeichner, alcohol will turn up the volume, so that such a person will express anger more frequently and more intensely. A heightened response will most likely occur when the provocation against the drinker is a strong one, and will less likely occur when the individual is experiencing a low provocation and is sober. Anger, Alcohol, and Domestic Violence The relationship of intimate partner violence is one area that is of great concern when it comes to alcohol and anger. This pertains to adults in long-term relationships such as marriages as well as dating and sexual violence. In a 2017 report, researchers shared their findings of the relationship between alcohol and dating violence. The study included 67 undergraduate men who were engaged currently dating someone. The conclusions were that alcohol increased the odds of physical aggression in those men who had high trait anger and poor anger management skills. It also noted that sexual aggression was higher with alcohol, even in men with low trait anger and reasonable anger management skills.?? How to Get Help When Your Partner Gets Violent After Drinking Energy Drinks and Alcohol a Potential Risk Factor Cocktails that include energy drinks should be considered a possible factor  for aggressive behavior in bars as well. In another study, researchers surveyed 175 young adults who mixed alcohol with caffeinated energy drinks about their verbal and physical aggression in bar conflicts. More research is needed, but the study did find enough escalation in people consuming these drinks to label them a potential risk to increased hostility.?? Could you be in danger? Take the Domestic Danger Assessment Quiz.

Company Background Computer Associates - 1583 Words

BACKGROUND Computer Associates (CA) is an independent software company. They provide network software, PC software, database and banking applications. Under a typical licensing arrangement, customers agree to pay a license fee to CA for the right to use software for a period of time. Under the old business model it was a period of three to ten years. Under the new model it is a time frame of one month to a maximum of three years. Under the old plan, licenses fees were reported as revenue once a customer signed a contract. So if a customer signed a ten-year contract then CA would report all the revenue from the license fee in that first year. Under the new plan the license fee is spread over the term of the contract. Maintenance fees in†¦show more content†¦2. How does the change in accounting fit with the new business model? Under the new model they were also trying to provide more accurate Financial Statements, so CA changed its method of reporting revenues. In the past they would record revenue at the time of the contract, no matter how long the contract all the revenue would be booked in that quarter. Under the new plan the revenues would be recognized ratably over the life of the contract. The risk with presenting a new way of accounting is it is difficult to compare the past and the future. Also with such huge differences in revenue it raises suspension if things were done right in the past. One of the biggest discrepancies was that in 2000, before the change, CA reported a profit of $696 million; now after the change in 2001 the company reported a loss of $591 million. CA’s reasoning for the change was that it related to the change in reporting the license-fees revenues. But this reasoning was still not acceptable with some shareholders and it raised suspicion. 3. Do you agree with the company’s decision to produce pro forma earnings numbers? I think by CA S decision to produce pro forma earnings numbers they were just opening the door to tons of critism and accusations. Pro forma earnings numbers have no real rules; the company can essentially pick and choose what they want to be in those Financial Statements. The SEC isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Northern Quest Resort And Casino Network Administrator 1682 Words   |  7 Pagestools, CCNA Certification, etc. This company is looking for a hard worker that is intelligent and can get the job done in a timely matter. This job is also for people who are driven to work independently at times and are great problem solvers for any task they are assigned to. In my research about this company, it appears that it is a decent sized company that is based on their casinos, dining and resorts. The cultural background is mainly a Kalispel Indian background. 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Jung and Freuds Theoretical and Therapeutic Differences Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Generally speaking, with the support of the concepts explained by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung developed the Jungian Theory that focused on the psychological makeup of an individual commonly referred to as the psyche (Asch, 2004, pp. 129). At the centre of the psyche lies the ego that directed the human mind. The unconscious mind was unreachable, but through the use of dreams and symbols, a human had the opportunity to explain the unconscious self (Sharf, 2011, pp. 82-123). Jung (1963, pp. 170- 192) also indicates that through the unconscious mind, humans can twist their energies to more creativity as the dreams provided a leeway in which the unconscious mind can be manipulated. Jung was the opinion that the only part of the mind that was individualistic is the personal consciousness that involved the persona of a person that clearly explains the responsibilities one has in the society and the shadow that suppresses the embarrassing aspects of an individual (Sharf, 2011, pp. 82-123; Sam uels, Shorter Plaut, 1986, pp. 21-57). Through the collective unconscious, archetypes/symbols are formed with the ability of inherited capacities. However, Jung explains that the specific attributes of archetypes change with time while the most important characteristics of the archetypes remain constant (Sharf, 2011, pp. 82-123). A brief analysis of these theories explains a comparison of the theorists who both believe in the existence of both the conscious and the unconscious minds. We will write a custom essay sample on Jung and Freuds Theoretical and Therapeutic Differences or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Chapter 14 Outline Ap World History. Free Essays

Outline Introduction: Every year or al least once in their life, the Muslims must travel to Mecca. This is a holy pilgrim that has been a tradition for the Muslims since Muhammad made the trip. At the beginning the pilgrims to Mecca were made by small amounts of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 14 Outline Ap World History. or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, by the ninth century, thousands of people traveled to Mecca in the 9th lunar month. All these people survived on food and water provided by the government. The Muslim government made a great effort to keep the roads and the cities clean and ready for the travelers. The hajj was not only solemn observance, but it was also an occasion for joy and celebration. The word Islam means â€Å"Submission,† which means obedience to the rule of Allah. If somebody accepts the Islamic faith it means that he/she is a Muslim. Even though this belief started with one man, by the end of the eighth century Islam stood alongside the Byzantine Empire. A Prophet and his World: Islam appeared in the Arabian Peninsula, and this religion reflected the cultural conditions of it’s homeland. Living in Arabia has always been hard because of the bad agriculture and the harsh climates. However people have been able to survive for a long time and they built a strong empire that was based upon family and submission. Arabia figured out the trading opportunities and took advantage of them. Arabia became an important trading center for India china and the Mediterranean. Plus they started receiving commodities. With the awake of classical empires, trade routes became insecure. Merchants abandoned the overland routes and they started using sea routes that passed through the Arabian Peninsula. This greatly influenced the economy of the city of Mecca. Muhammad and His Message: The prophet Muhammad was son of nomadic Bedouin herders and merchants. He was born in 570 C. E. and he was son of an honorable merchant family. He had an education, and they cared for him. However, when he was young he worked for a wealthy widow that later became his wife. He got some power in the Mecca society, but he didn’t get a high position. By the age 30 Muhammad had established himself as a merchant and he lived a comfortable life. He lived and knew about many other different religions and he knew the cultures of other peoples. According to the stories Muhammad received some messages from the Angel Gabriel which told him to convert his family and the world and to give them the message of god. Muhammad presented oral lessons that he passed to his students and the people. However when he dies, his students compiled his teachings in a book called the Quran. Most important after the Quran itself are traditions known as hadith, which include sayings attributed to Muhammad. Muhammad’s Migration to Medina: He first began for converting his family and then the community. Muhammad became popular and that brought him problems with the ruling elites of Mecca. Muhammad insisted that Allah was the only god and that there shouldn’t be any other deities to which we pray. The elite also saw him a treat because he said that Allah was going to punish greed. Because of all the danger in Mecca, Muhammad had to fled. He fled and joined a group of his followers in Yathrib, a rival trading city. Muslims called their new city Medina which also means the city of the prophet. In Medina he organized his followers into a community and he provides it with laws and a social code. He looked after the economic welfare of his community; he did this by trading or by launching expedition. Muhammad started to call himself the final prophet because he was going to at last reveal the message of god to the people. He teach that the Christian god and all the other major gods were the same. All of them were Allah and he also accepted the Jewish and Christian prophets. The Establishment of Islam in Arabia: Even thought they succeeded in Medina, Muhammad and his followers planned on returning to Mecca. In 630 he and his followers attacked Mecca and they conquered the city. They forced the rich to take Allah as their main god and they imposed a government dedicated to Allah. They also destroyed the shrines of other deities and they built mosques. In 632 Muhammad made the first pilgrimage to the Ka’ba. The foundations of Islamic faith as elaborated by Muhammad consist of obligations known as the Five Pillars. Added to the Five Pillars the Islamic people must follow the holy law known as the sharia. Through the Sharia, Islam became more than a religious doctrine. It became a way of life that people must strictly follow. Expansion of Islam: After Muhammad’s dead the religion faced a period of instability because he left no predecessor. Some people that had barely been conquered, broke from Islam, took back their independence and they became free again. However, within a short time, the Islamic community built a strong army that expanded its power and conquered many lands that converted into Islamic. These conquests lead the foundation of the rapid growth of Islamic society. The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty: Since Muhammad said that he was the last prophet when he died, there could not be another prophet to lead the Islamic society. However, they decided to chose Abu Bakr as deputy. He was the closest of Muhammad’s friends and he was one of the most devoted disciples that he had. He was a religious leader, but he was also the Military commander. During the century after Muhammad’s dead they expanded beyond the boundaries of Arabia, carrying with them their religion and their authority. Durig this period of time they conquered Persia and Africa. Because of this rapid expansion, the government had problems with governing and administration. It was just too many people to control. Disagreements over the succession lead to the emergence of the Shia sect, which wanted Ali and his successors to caliphs. The Shia survived because they created different rituals and they appointed different holydays. The Shia Muslims also made changes in the Quran in order to support the party’s views. The Abbasid Dynasty: Rebellion in Persia brought the Umayyad dynasty to an end. The chief leader of the rebellion was Abu, he was a descendant of Muhammad’s uncle. Even though he was a Sunni Muslim, he allied himself with other Muslims in order to convert people from the Mediterranean. The Umayyad didn’t want to surrender to the Abu. One day Abu invited the rich, influential men to a banquet to make peace. However, during the banquet they were arrested and murdered. After they were killed Abu founded the Abbasid dynasty. This dynasty was more cosmopolitan than the previous dynasty. Instead of conquering new lands, the Abbasids largely contented themselves with administering the empire they inherited. The high point of the Abbasid dynasty came during the reign of Harun. This king provided with liberal support for artists and writer, and he distributed money and wealth to the poor people. After the death of the emperor, the Abbasid Empire declined. This was due to the conflicts of succession. At the end the Mongols extinguished the already weakened empire in 1258. Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World: As in other agricultural societies the farmers worked in the land while the merchants stayed at the city and feed themselves with the food that the farmers produced. The creation of empires had dramatic implications and results. For instance, the Abbasid Empire created a zone of trade, exchange of ideas, and a communicating route. New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth: As the soldiers, merchants, administrators and the population traveled to other parts of the world, they encounter different animals, plants and cultures. Then they brought those ideas and teach them to the people of their empire. The introduction of new crops to the west had many positive effects for the economy. New food crops led to a richer and more varied diet. They also increased quantities of food and some plants, such as cotton, were used to make a profit. Travel and communication in the dar al-Islam also encouraged experimentation with agricultural methods. The cultivators copied systems of irrigation and techniques that would help them produce more food. The increase of agricultural production contributed to the rapid growth of the empire. Paper manufacture appeared in the Islamic cities during the Abbasid era. Chinese people made paper since the first century B. C. however with the diffusion, the paper techniques spread to Islamic world around 751 B. C. The Formation of a Hemispheric trading Zone: From its earliest days Islamic society drew much of its prosperity from commerce. Muhammad was a merchant, and he held merchants in high stem. According to early accounts of his life Muhammad said that merchants would stand alongside martyrs to the faith on the Day of Judgment. By the time of the Abbasid Empire, trade networks linked all the regions of the Islamic world and joined it to a larger hemispheric economy. Arab and Persian mariner borrowed the compass from its Chinese inventors and used it to guide them on the high seas. From Southeast Asian and Indian mariners, they borrowed the lateen sail, a triangular sail that increased a ship’s mobility. They established multiple branches that honored letters of credit known as Sakk drawn on the parent bank. Trade benefited also from techniques of business organization. As a result of improved transportation, expanded banking services, and refined techniques of business organization, long-distance trade surged in the early Islamic world. They brought many things such as silk and spices form far away. The Changing Status of Women: There was a patriarchal society even before Muhammad’s time. However, Arab women enjoyed right that women in other parts could never dream of. For instance, they could legally inherit property, divorce husbands, and engage in business ventures. However, in some respects the Quran enhanced the security of women in Arabian society. It portrayed women equal to men in the eyes of Allah. However, the Quran and later the Sharia reinforced male dominance. They recognized descend trough the male line. Even though they teach that women should be treated with delicacy and respect, it allowed men to have up to four wives, whereas women could only have one husband. The veiling of women was not originally a tradition of the Muslims. This tradition came from the Byzantine and Sasanid Empires. At the beginning women had many rights stated in the Quran, however as time passed, the scholars modified the Quran and they took away the rights of women. Islamic Values and cultural Exchanges: The Quran has served as the cornerstone of the Islamic society. The Quran established a flexible and powerful medium of communication. Even today the Muslims believe that the Quran is the only reliable scripture, translations as not as powerful as the original one. Muslims missionaries spread Goad’s message, but they allowed the people to still practice their old religions or beliefs. The foundation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition: The Muslims scholars studied the Quran and stories about Muhammad in order to create moral guidelines appropriate for their society. Formal institutions helped promote Islamic values. Many mosques maintained schools that provided elementary education and religious instruction, and wealthy Muslims sometimes established schools and provided endowments for their support. By the tenth century institutions of higher education known as Madrasas appeared. Muslim rulers supported the Madrasas because they had interest in recruiting literate and learned students with an advanced education in Islamic theology and law for administrative position. Sufis also appeared. Sufis were especially effective as missionaries because they emphasized devotion to Allah above mastery of doctrine. Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece: As the Islamic community expanded, the people started interacting with people from other societies, especially with Persia, India, and Greece. Persian traditions quickly found a place in Islamic society, since the culturally rich land of Persia fell under Islamic rule. Persian Influence was as noticeable in literary works from the Abbasid dynasty. While Arabic served as the language of religion, theology, philosophy, and law, Persian was the principal language of literature, poetry, history, and political reflection. Chapter Summary (taken from AP textbook) The religion of Islam emerged on the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century  C. E. as a result of the vision and the teachings of Muhammad. His message attracted a rapidly expanding circle of devout believers, known as Muslims. After Muhammad’s death, Arab conquerors spread the word of Islam throughout a vast territory extending from the Indus River to the Iberian Peninsula within one century. This rapid expansion of Islam contributed to the development of a massive trade and communication network in which goods and ideas spread freely. The realm of Islam became one of the most prosperous and cosmopolitan societies of the postclassical world. This new society was characterized by, strong commitment to the monotheistic belief system, resting on the Five Pillars of Islam, first articulated by Muhammad and later elaborated on by scholars and mystics. Also, the development of overland and maritime trade and communication routes that facilitated the spread of new crops, trade goods, and ideas, from improved techniques in agriculture to the writings of the classical Greek philosophers. Engagement with and sometimes adoption of various cultural traditions encountered by the far-flung realm and its trade contacts, helped the country. Hence elements of Persian, Indian, Christian, and Greek cultures found their place into Islamic society and thought. Muslims believe that God is  one and incomparable  and the  purpose of existence  is to love and serve God. Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed at many times and places before, including through Abraham,  Moses  and  Jesus, whom they consider  prophets. They maintain that previous messages and revelations have been partially changed or corrupted  over time,  but consider the Qur’an to be both the unaltered and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the  five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of  worship, and following  Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, providing guidance on multifarious topics from  banking  and  welfare, to  warfare  and the  environment. The Pillars of Islam are five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory for all believers. The  Quran  presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith. They are (1) the  shahadah  (creed), (2) daily prayers (salat), (3) almsgiving (zakah), (4) fasting during  Ramadan  and (5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime. The  Shia  and  Sunni  sects both agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts. How to cite Chapter 14 Outline Ap World History., Essay examples

Australian Law Taxation Office

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Lawfor Taxation Office. Answer: ISSUE: We need to advice Kit if he is to be considered as a resident of Australia, as an accountant. Kit also needs to be advised on how his salary and also his investment income is to be taxed. Kit was not born in Australia. He is still to be considered as a resident of Australia. Kit has his Chilean Citizenship retained as he was born in Chile. Kit was employed with a United States based company. He had to spend most of his time off the coast of Indonesia as he worked in the oil rigs over there. Kit was a married man with a house bought by him over three years ago and had three children from his marriage. Kit had been working most of the time in Indonesia, even though he had actually been recruited in Australia. Kit and his wife had a joint account in the Westpac Bank where he would get his salary credited. Apart from his salary, Kit also had some other sources of income in the form of investments from which he would earn some dividend income. However, these dividends were earned from investments that he had made in Chile and not Australia. After every three months, Kit gets a month off from his work in Indonesia. This one month he can either go for holidays around South A merica or visit his family in Australia. His parents were actual residents of Chile. The provisions related to this case need to be understood clearly before providing with the answers to the case study. RULE: A person is considered to be an Australian citizen as according to the Australian Income Tax Act, only if he is holding a permanent Australian Visa with him at all times. A person thus holding a permanent Australian visa is given permission to study, live or work in Australia without any restrictions and hassles. If a person who is a permanent resident of Australia decides to travel abroad, he needs to carry a permanent Australia along with an intention to return back to Australia and has to carry proper travel authority. If there is absence of intention to return back to Australia then he is not to be considered as a resident of Australia anymore. Such a person needs to declare all his income, whether he has earned it in Australia or abroad, when filing his income tax return in Australia if he is deemed to be an Australian citizen (Government, 2017). All such income that has been earned by him needs to be declared in the income statement. As we are aware a person in Australia, on every source of income earned by him, needs to pay tax on it. However, for a foreign resident one does not need to declare all their interest royalties and dividends earned by him in Australia. There are some other criterias also present that determine if a person is an Australian citizen or not. Situations are as follows:- If a person who is visiting a foreign country with no intention of staying permanently in the foreign country, he is considered to be an Australian citizen. If a person, who is actually an Australian citizen, goes out of Australia to a foreign country with no intention of coming back to Australia, he is not considered as an Australian resident anymore. A person staying in Australia for a period of more than six months for studies, he is considered to be an Australian citizen for taxation purposes. A person who stays in Australia for his job for a period more than six months, he is considered to be an Australian resident for taxation purposes. A person visiting Australia for vacation or visits Australia from a foreign country for a period of less than six months, he is not considered to be an Australian resident. However, if the person stays for a period extending six months he is to be considered as an Australian resident for taxation purposes. A person who was not actually a resident of Australia if shifts to Australia with an intention to stay there permanently, he is to be considered as a resident of Australia. As according to the Section 6(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act there are four parameters set to determine if a person is an Australian resident or not. A person needs to declare his income from abroad when filing his income tax return if he is an Australian resident (Income Tax, 2017). APPLICATION: The given case study and provisions that have been mentioned above we can determine that Kit is a permanent resident of Australia. We can see that Kit was born in Chile and then came to Australia for work purposes. He worked in Australia with a company that was based in United States. The company made him work most of the time in oil rigs off Indonesia. Kit bought a home in Australia for his family thereby proving his intentions of staying permanently in Australia. He also has a permanent visa with him at all times as he travels a lot for work purposes. The provisions state that if a person has a permanent visa of Australia with him and has all the intentions to return back to Australia, that person is to be taken as Australian resident for that financial year. Thus we can say that Kit is a resident of Australia. As mentioned above Kit has a joint account with his wife in the Westpac Bank where he gets his salary. His salary thus needs to be taxed as according to the income tax laws of Australia. Kit has some investments made in Chile. He gets additional income on the dividends received from the investments. The income thus received shall be taxed in Australia even if it is not earned in Australia. Kit needs to pay tax in that financial year on his salary and additional dividends received in that year (Australian Government, 2017). CONCLUSION: We can thus conclude that Kit is an Australian resident. As Kit is an Australian resident he shall have to pay taxes on it as according to the Income Tax Act of Australia (Visa Solutions, 2017). It does not matter if he earns the money in Australia or not. While filing his income tax return Kit needs to take care of his salary and additional income both. CASE 1: The given situation states that the said company wants to acquire mining rights, copper mines and land for itself in California and such other places in the United States of America. If a company sells its assets and objectives together, the amount that has been earned after the expenses incurred in acquiring the business is to be considered as profit or loss that has been earned from the business (Australian Tax Office, 2017). This case revolves around rights that include concessions and minerals that are provided to a company when it sells its objectives of business. CASE 2: In the given question we deal with taxation of the income that is earned from a business in Australia. We know that land can be taken as ordinary income or even as realisation of capital asset only if it was earlier used for mining purposes. It has been given that the mining land in question had been sold. The company was also dealing in other work like subdivision. Thus, the High Court gave the decision that the land was thus to be realised in such a manner that it would prove to be advantageous for the company, making the profit derived to be inaccessible. The revenue earned is not to be considered as revenue, rather is to be made a part of the capital account. The decision by High Court is however ruled out by the Judicial Terrain. CASE 3: Profit that is made from selling an asset as under the Income Tax Assessment Act is to be treated as assessable income. It was decided by the court that on selling any part of the land of a taxpayer, it became a part of the assessable income of that particular year. CASE 4: In the given case, the entire situation and decision of the Court was aided by the points given below. From an isolated transaction, the loss thus derived needs to be deducted under Section 51(1) Income Tax Assessment Act. The two reasons are mentioned below- The taxpayer expects to or even intends to earn profit that will be taxable Transaction that we come across when carrying on business or business operations or even a commercial transaction runs into a loss. We see an absence of assessable income. However, an expectation to earn assessable income was seen. At the end we see that there is dearth on advice of taxpayers as to how to run a profitable property development business. Profit motive was not seen (Australian Government, 2017). CASE 5: We see that the taxpayer has been gifted with a farm by his father in the year 1955. Later on the tax payer had to sell his farm for business purposes. The income earned by him falls under Section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. At the end we see that the transaction was not conducted in a proper business manner as no work was taken by the taxpayer beyond the number that is necessary to obtain permission of municipality. The court thus gave the decision that the land was thus to be used for both residential and production work. CASE 6: The judgement in the given situation was given in the year 21st of November, 1988. The profits of the shareholders were realised by selling off the land. There were also profits derived from the anticipatory sale of capital that has been issued by Malgor Pty Ltd. Over here the decision had been given in the favour of the company. They were unable to update the scheme to the point of completion of the sales. We can thus make out from the given case that the sand mills would have been removed by the company before the sales had been completed. Case 7: The judge gave its decision on this case on 17th of August 1988. The taxpayer in the given case was involved in purchase of many properties. As under Section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 we see that if the sales of the land near Hobart are to be considered as an income. So from the given case we can derive that income cannot be determined by the Section 25(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936. For taxing an income under Section 26 we need to make sure there is a profit making enterprise present while the scheme is being carried out to make profit (Australian Taxation Office, 2017). CASE 8: On 15th of May 1988 judgement for the given case was passed by the Federal Court. There were two people mentioned in the given case, Brett and Bradley. The case discusses that both Brett and Bradley had to build in the Addison Avenue Property three town houses. Now, they wished to sell one of the three town houses for profit purposes. However, the other two town houses Brett and Bradley wished to keep with themselves for residential purposes. The judgement thus given in the case was that the house that was to be sold shall not be considered as an assessable income. This means that tax is to be levied on the house that is being sold. References , 2017. austii.edu.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/SydLawRw/1983/9.pdf [Accessed 28th April 2017]. AustralianGovernment, 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID2005157/00001 [Accessed 208th April 2017]. AustralianGovernment, 2017. border.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Life/Aust-1 [Accessed 28th April 2017]. AustralianTaxationOffice, 2017. ato.gov.au. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID201127/00001 [Accessed 28th April 2017]. Government, A., 2017. australia.gov.au/. [Online] Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/help-and-contact/faqs/visas-and-immigration [Accessed 28th April 2017]. IncomeTax, 2017. austlii.edu.au/. [Online]Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/itasscaa21961271961603/itasscaa21961 271961603.pdf [Accessed 28th April 2017]. VisaSolutions, 2017. australia-migration.com. [Online] Available at: https://www.australia-migration.com/page/Different_Visas/36 [Accessed 28th April 2017].